After France was liberated from German occupation, many within the country borrowed Nazi tactics to publicly shame women.
Women are paraded through the streets in shame, 1944.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Robert Capa's legendary photo of a French woman with her baby, whose father is implied to have been German.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images French woman accused of sleeping with Germans during the occupation has her head shaved by vindictive neighbors in village near Marseilles.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons French woman, who had had a baby by a Germany soldier, being marched home after being punished by having her head shaved.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Paris, women whose heads were shaved during the liberation in August 1944. Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Paris, women whose heads were shaved during the liberation in August 1944.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Denunciation and humiliation of a French Nazi collaborator, Paris 1944.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Original caption: Collaborators rounded up in Chartres, France. After the liberation of the Cathedral town of Chartres, patriots rounded up women who had collaborated with the Nazis.A group of the women are shown after they had had their heads shaved as punishment for their crimes. One of the women carries her baby, whose father is a German, as they are led back to their homes, while the population loudly jeered as they passed by.
Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Two female French collaborators, Chartres, France, 1944. Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images A woman has her head shaved, 1944.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images Members of the French Resistance shave a suspected Nazi collaborator, 1944.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images A suspected French collaborator with a swastika painted on her forehead, 1944.Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images
When Liberation Meant Demonization: France’s “Ugly Carnivals” View GalleryFrom 1940 to 1944, Nazi Germany occupied northern and western parts of France, in what to this day remains a source of deep humiliation for the country. Moments after France was liberated in the summer of 1944, celebration expanded to include demonization, with Allied victors engaging in some of the same revenge tactics against women as their enemies.
Many French women believed to have had children or collaborated with German occupiers were publicly humiliated. Sometimes this meant having their heads shaved; other times -- even in addition to head shavings -- it meant public beatings.
The decision to shave a woman's head is imbued with gender power dynamics. In the dark ages, the Visigoths removed a woman's hair to punish her for committing adultery, according to historian Antony Beevor.
Centuries later, the practice was revived when French troops occupied the Rhineland. After the occupation ended, the women thought to have had relations with French occupiers were shorn of their hair. During the Spanish Civil War, Falangists were known to shave the heads of women from Republican families, too.
The Nazis -- those whose practices you'd think that Allied forces and resisters would not seek to emulate -- did the same thing during World War II, ordering that German women who were believed to have slept with non-Aryans or foreign prisoners have their heads shaved.
After the war, head shaving quickly became a cultural ritual in liberated France, and one which Beevor says "represented a form of expiation for the frustrations and sense of impotence among males humiliated by their country's occupation."
According to Beevor, once a city or town had been liberated, the shearers would "get to work" and find so-called Nazi conspirators in need of shaming. After their heads were shaved, these women would be paraded through the streets -- occasionally stripped, covered in tar or painted with swastikas.
Many of those shaving women's heads -- known in French as tondeurs -- were not actually part of the resistance, but collaborators who wanted to divert attention from themselves, says Beevor.
In addition, many of the women whose heads were shaved came from the more vulnerable corners of French society: A large portion were prostitutes, others young mothers who accepted relations with German soldiers as a means to provide for their families while their husbands were away. Others still were single school teachers who had been bullied into providing lodging for Germans.
At least 20,000 women had their heads shaved during what came to be known as the "ugly carnivals," with the misogynistic practice being replicated in Belgium, Italy, Norway, and the Netherlands.
Next, check out the most iconic images of the 1940s.
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